Interpersonal forgiveness: validation of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI-30) in aSpanish sample / Perdón interpersonal: validación del Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI-30) en una muestra española

Antecedentes: Diversos estudios demuestran la relevancia del per-dón interpersonal tras una ofensa para mejorar la salud y el bienestar. A pe-sar de su importancia, es evidente la falta de instrumentos de evaluación del perdón adaptados al contexto español. El Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI-30) es el instrumento que operacionaliza uno de los modelos teóricos más asentados y reconocidos en el área del perdón a nivel mundial. El obje-tivo del presente estudio es adaptar el EFI-30 a la población española y re-visar suspropiedades psicométricas. Método: 426 estudiantes de grado y más-ter (98 hombres y 328 mujeres) con edades entre 18 y 30 años (M= 21.24; DE= 2.91), completaron el EFI-30 tras su adaptación, así como Trans-gression Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-18), Reme-dial Strategies Scale (RSS) y Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Resultados: El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio indicó buen ajuste a la estructura original de seis factores (CFI=.91, TLI=.90, IFI=.91, RMSEA= .067). La fiabilidad de las subescalas y del instrumento general fue buena, similar a la versión original. Los resultados mostraron adecuada validez convergente y de criterio. Conclusiones:EFI-30 muestra adecuadas propiedades psicométricas en un contexto español, siendo una medida apropiada para evaluar el perdón interpersonal de una ofensa especifica en al ámbito de la investigación e intervención clínica.(AU)

Background: Numerous studies have demonstrated the im-portance of interpersonal forgiveness after a specific offense for improving the health and well-being of individuals. Despite its importance, there is an evident lack of forgiveness evaluation instruments adapted to the Spanish context. The Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI-30) is the questionnaire that implements one of themost establishedand recognized theoretical models in thearea offorgiveness. The aim of the present study is to adapt the EFI-30 for the Spanish population and evaluate its psychometric prop-erties. Method: A sample of 426 undergraduate and graduate students (98 men, 328 women) aged from 18 to 30 years (M= 21.24; SD=2.91), com-pleted the EFI-30 after its adaptation to the Spanishcontext, as well as the Transgression Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-18), the Remedial Strategies Scale (RSS) and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: The Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed a good fit tothe original six-factor structure (CFI=.91, TLI=.90, IFI=.91, RMSEA= .067). The reliability of these subscales and the instrument was similar to the original version. The results showed adequate criteria and convergent validity. Conclusions:The EFI-30 shows adequatepsycho-metric properties within the Spanish context and is an appropriate instru-ment for evaluating interpersonal forgiveness of a specific offense in re-search and clinical intervention.(AU)

Is the happiness of Chinese truly the highest in the world? The impact of basic public services on happiness.

Based on the survey report by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and Ipsos Group, the world ranking of Chinese people's happiness shows a significant gap. This study attempts to analyze the subjective well-being of Chinese residents through public database from the China Household Finance Survey Center in 2017. An ordered Probit model is constructed to investigate the impact of non-monetary factors, specifically basic public services, on the subjective well-being of Chinese people. The results indicate that: (1) The subjective well-being of Chinese residents is found to be lower than what the survey report indicated. (2) Basic public services have a significant positive impact on residents' happiness. (3) Social trust played a moderating role, positively influencing the relationship between basic public services and residents' happiness. (4) The impact of basic public services on happiness varied significantly depending on factors such as age, registered residence, and places of residence. To enhance the happiness of Chinese residents, it is recommended to focus on improving the equalization of basic public services and establishing a robust basic public service system. These measures can effectively contribute to the overall well-being and happiness of the population.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en chilenos de comunas vulnerables / Health-related quality of life in Chileans from vulnerable communes

Objetivo: La pandemia de COVID-19 y la crisis sociosanitaria resultante tuvieron impacto sobre el bienestar de la población. La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) podría verse afectada, principalmente en condición de vulnerabilidad social. El objetivo fue analizar la CVRS y las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento EQ-5D en población chilena adulta de comunas vulnerables de la Región Metropolitana. Método: Estudio transversal realizado durante la cuarentena de abril-junio de 2021. Se seleccionaron 500adultos residentes en comunas de Chile que completaron por videollamada un cuestionario estructurado incluyendo el instrumento EQ-5D. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y factoriales confirmatorios del modelo reflectivo tradicional. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 36,36 ± 12,41 años, la mayoría reportaron un nivel educativo secundario y estar empleado. Con respecto al instrumento EQ-5D, se encontró mayor afectación en la dimensión dolor/malestar y ansiedad/depresión. El estado de salud global evaluado con la escala visual análoga fue de 73,0 ± 19,71 puntos. El modelo evaluado presentó un ajuste adecuado: 2 = 6.992, p = 0.221, CFI = 0.996,TLI = 0.993, RMSEA = 0.028 (IC90%: 0.000-0.073) y SRMR = 0.067. Además, los ítems de la escala resultaron buenos indicadores del constructo de interés. Conclusiones: En contexto de pandemia, la población estudiada presentó mayor afectación en las dimensiones dolor/molestia y ansiedad/depresión. El instrumento EQ-5D es una herramienta útil para estimarla CVRS en población chilena en contexto de pandemia. Además, la evidencia psicométrica respalda la unidimensionalidad del constructo y la potencial utilidad de descomponer su análisis.(AU)

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting social and health crisis impacted the well-being ofthe population. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) could be affected, mainly in conditions of socialvulnerability. The objective was to analyze the HRQoL and the psychometric properties of the EQ-5Dinstrument in adult Chilean population from vulnerable communes of the Metropolitan Region. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out during quarantine period April to June 2021. Five hundredadults residing in Chilean communes were selected and completed a structured questionnaire by video-call, including the EQ-5D instrument. Descriptive analyzes and confirmatory factor analyzes of thetraditional reflective model were performed. Results: The age of the sample was 36.36 ± 12.41 years, the majority reported having a secondary edu-cation level and being employed. Regarding the EQ-5D instrument, the most affected dimensions werepain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. The global health status was 73.0 ± 19.71 points. The model sho-wed an adequate fit: 2 = 6.992, p = 0.221, CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.993, RMSEA = 0.028 (90% CI: 0.000–0.073)and SRMR = 0.067. In addition, the items of the scale were good indicators of the construct of interest. Conclusions: In a pandemic context, the population was mostly affected by pain/discomfort andanxiety/depression. The EQ-5D instrument is a useful tool to estimate CRSV in the Chilean populationin the context of pandemic. In addition, the psychometric evidence supports the dimensionality of theconstruct and the potential utility of decomposing its analysis.(AU)

Salud Mental Colectiva y Determinación Social: Posibilidades Paradigmáticas / Collective Mental Healthand Social Determination: Paradigmatic Possibilities

En la presente revisión teórica exploro posibilidades para la construcción de un paradigma de salud mental colectiva. Lo hago tomando distancia de miradas positivistas, funcionalistas, bio-médicas e individualistas, y subrayando el rol fundamental de procesos de determinación social comprendidos de forma crítica, intercultural y transdisciplinaria. El procedimiento supuso una revisión exploratoria de fuentes tituladas “salud mental colectiva” (2016-2021) y la inclusión de publicaciones clave adicionales. Losresultados señalan la importancia de teorizar la salud mental de forma compleja y dialéctica, contextualizar ecológicamente los sufrimientos, accio-nar estrategias de bienestar y procurar reflexividad permanente en torno a la interculturalidad y las relaciones de poder. Las posibilidades exploradas resaltan el aporte esencial de la epide-miología crítica latinoamericana, en diálogo constante con otros valiosos saberes. Desde dicha construcción dialógica, un paradigma de salud mental colectiva emerge como unapotente al-ternativa para abordar sufrimientos mentales en el contexto de sistemas sociales que nos en-ferman. (AU)

In this theoretical review, I explore possibilities for the construction of a collective mental health paradigm. I conduct such review by distancing myself from positivist, functionalist, bi-omedical and individualist perspectives, while emphasizing the fundamental role of social de-termination processes conceived from a critical, intercultural and transdisciplinary stand-point. The procedure involved an exploratory review of sources entitled “collective mental health” (2016-2021) and the inclusion of additional key publications. Results indicate the im-portance of theorizing mental health in ways that are complex and dialectical; conducting an ecological contextualization of suffering; activating wellness strategies; and making perma-nent efforts towards reflexivity around interculturality and power relations. Explored possibil-ities highlight the essential contribution of Latin American critical epidemiology, in constant dialogue with other valuable knowledge. From such dialogic construction, a collective mental health paradigm emerges as a powerful alternative to address mental suffering in the context of social systems that make us ill. (AU)

Efectos de la práctica de mindfulness en el cuidado y bienestar de sus practicantes. Un aporte etnográfico durante la sindemia del SARS-COV-2 / Efeitos da prática do mindfulness no cuidado e bem-estar de seus praticantes.Uma contribuição etnográfica durante a sindemia SARS-COV-2 / Effects of the practice of mindfulness in the care and well-being of its practitioners. An ethnographic contribution during the SARS-COV-2 syndemy

In this article we approach health and care from a holistic approach. The SARS-Cov-2syndemic, in addition to the effects on the health of many people, opened up a scenario of complexity, fears and uncertainties that prompted many to seek ways of self-care that could help them andallow them to cope. In this context, mindfulness, by integrating physical, mental, emotional andsocial aspects, offers a holistic way of taking care of oneself and improving the quality of life. In thisresearch we expose the experience of a mindfulness group through an ethnographic fieldwork tolearn how it has affected the care and well-being of its practitioners in a syndemic context. (AU)

En este artículo abordamos la salud y el cuidado desde un enfoque holístico. La sindemiadel SARS- Cov-2, además de los efectos sobre la salud de muchas personas, abrió un escenario decomplejidad, miedos e incertidumbres que impulsó a muchos a buscar formas de autocuidado quepudieran ayudarlos y permitirles afrontarlo. En este contexto el mindfulness, al integrar aspectosfísicos, mentales, emocionales y sociales, ofrece una forma holística de cuidarse y de mejorar de lacalidad de vida. En esta investigación exponemos la experiencia de un grupo de mindfulness a través de un trabajo de campo etnográfico para conocer cómo ha afectado al cuidado y bienestar desus practicantes en un contexto de sindemia. (AU)

Neste artigo abordamos a saúde e o cuidado a partir de uma abordagem holística. A sindemia do SARS-Cov-2, além dos efeitos na saúde de muitas pessoas, abriu um cenário de complexidade, medos e incertezas que levaram muitos a buscar formas de autocuidado que pudessemajudá-los e permitir o enfrentamento. Nesse contexto, o mindfulness, ao integrar aspectos físicos,mentais, emocionais e sociais, oferece uma forma holística de cuidar de si e melhorar a qualidadede vida. Nesta pesquisa, expomos a experiência de um grupo de mindfulness por meio de um trabalho de campo etnográfico para saber como isso afetou o cuidado e o bem-estar de seus praticantes em contexto sindêmico. (AU)

Adaptación y evidencia de validez de la escala de Florecimiento para la población argentina / Adaptation and evidence of validity of the flourishing scale for the Argentine population

El presente trabajo se ocupa de evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de florecimiento (EF) en Argentina, para ello se realizó un proceso de traducción/adaptación para el contexto local. Participaron del estudio 363 adultos con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 68 años y de ambos sexos (Mujeres = 73%, Hombres= 27%). El CFA del modelo (NNFI= .9; CFI= .95; RMSEA= .053)y la consistencia interna(α=.89; ω=.91)arrojaron resultados aceptables para la EF. Por otro lado, la validación externa se realizó estudiando la correlación con los instrumentos MHC-SF y SWLS, obteniendo valores significativos. A su vez, la validación cruzada se realizó dividiendo la muestra en mujeres y hombres, hallándose resultados que confirman la validez del instrumento. En conclusión, se considera a partir de los resultados que la escala EF es un instrumento fiable para el estudio del bienestar en población argentina AU

The present work deals with evaluating the psychometric properties of the Flourishing Scale (EF) in Argentina, for which a translation/adaptation process was carried out for the local context. The study included 363 adults aged between 18 and 68 years and of both sexes (Women = 73%, Men = 27%). The CFA of the model (NNFI= .9; CFI= .95; RMSEA= .053) and internal consistency (α =.89; ω=.91) showed acceptable results for the EF. On the other hand, the external validation was carried out studying the connection with the MHC-SF and SWLS instruments, obtaining significant values. In turn, the cross-validation was carried out by dividing the sample into women and men, finding results that confirm the validity of the instrument. In conclusion, it is considered from the results that the EF scale is a reliable instrument for the study of well-being in the Argentine population AU

How do income changes impact on mental health and wellbeing for working-age adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Lower incomes are associated with poorer mental health and wellbeing, but the extent to which income has a causal effect is debated. We aimed to synthesise evidence from studies measuring the impact of changes in individual and household income on mental health and wellbeing outcomes in working-age adults (aged 16-64 years). METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ASSIA, EconLit, and RePEc on Feb 5, 2020, for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quantitative non-randomised studies. We had no date limits for our search. We included English-language studies measuring effects of individual or household income change on any mental health or wellbeing outcome. We used Cochrane risk of bias (RoB) tools. We conducted three-level random-effects meta-analyses, and explored heterogeneity using meta-regression and stratified analyses. Synthesis without meta-analysis was based on effect direction. Critical RoB studies were excluded from primary analyses. Certainty of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020168379. FINDINGS: Of 16 521 citations screened, 136 were narratively synthesised (12·5% RCTs) and 86 meta-analysed. RoB was high: 30·1% were rated critical and 47·1% serious or high. A binary income increase lifting individuals out of poverty was associated with 0·13 SD improvement in mental health measures (95% CI 0·07 to 0·20; n=42 128; 18 studies), considerably larger than other income increases (0·01 SD improvement, 0·002 to 0·019; n=216 509, 14 studies). For wellbeing, increases out of poverty were associated with 0·38 SD improvement (0·09 to 0·66; n=101 350, 8 studies) versus 0·16 for other income increases (0·07 to 0·25; n=62 619, 11 studies). Income decreases from any source were associated with 0·21 SD worsening of mental health measures (-0·30 to -0·13; n=227 804, 11 studies). Effect sizes were larger in low-income and middle-income settings and in higher RoB studies. Heterogeneity was high (I2=79-87%). GRADE certainty was low or very low. INTERPRETATION: Income changes probably impact mental health, particularly where they move individuals out of poverty, although effect sizes are modest and certainty low. Effects are larger for wellbeing outcomes, and potentially for income losses. To best support population mental health, welfare policies need to reach the most socioeconomically disadvantaged. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, Chief Scientist Office, and European Research Council.

Mindfulness en la salud sexual y bienestar psicológico de profesionales y cuidadores/as de personas en riesgo de exclusión social / Mindfulness in the sexual health and psychological well-being of professionals and caregivers of people at risk of social exclusion

Introducción: El objetivo del estudio fue explorar el efecto del programa basado en mindfulness (MBSR) en la salud sexual y bienestar psicológico de profesionales y voluntarios de Médicos del Mundo que atienden personas en riesgo de exclusión social, como víctimas de prostitución forzada.Método: Se eligió toda la población de una ONG del sur de España, por recibir gran cantidad de personas vulnerables. Estudio cuasiexperimental con medidas pre y post test. La intervención duró 8semanas más una sesión introductoria, con sesiones de 2,5 h. Se aplicaron 7 instrumentos pre y postintervención: a) escala de mindfulness (MAAS); b) escala de conexión corporal; c) cuestionario de compasión (SCS); d) escala de bienestar psicológico de Ryff; e) Hurlbert Index of Sexual Fantasy; f) escala de Wilson de fantasías sexuales, y g) índice de satisfacción sexual de Hudson (ISS).Resultados: La mayoría de las puntuaciones mejoraron en el postest respecto al pretest. En la escala MAAS, la puntuación fue más alta en el postest que en el pretest (Wilcoxon=–2,668, p <0,05) y en el ISS la puntuación también fue mayor en el postest (Wilcoxon=–2,201, p <0,05). Sin embargo, en la subescala de Disociación corporal la puntuación fue menor (Wilcoxon=–2,670, p <0,05). Todos los tamaños del efecto fueron de moderados a altos.Conclusiones: La aplicación del protocolo MBSR puede aumentar el grado de satisfacción sexual, disminuir la disociación corporal, favorecer el mindfulness y la autocompasión en personas que tratan a personas vulnerables, lo que puede repercutir en un abordaje de mayor calidad de las mismas. (AU)

Introduction: The objective of the study was to explore the effect of the Mindfulness-based program (MBSR) on the sexual health and psychological well-being of professionals and volunteers of Doctors of the World who care for people at risk of social exclusion.Method: The entire population of a NGO in southern Spain was chosen because it receives a large number of vulnerable people. Quasi-experimental study with pre and post-test measurements. The intervention lasted 8weeks plus an introductory session, with sessions of 2.5h. Seven instruments were applied before and after the intervention: (a) Mindfulness Scale (MAAS); (b) Body Connection Scale; (c) Compassion Questionnaire (SCS); (d) Ryff's psychological well-being scale; (e) Hurlbert's Fantastic Sexuality Index; (f) Wilson's Sexual Fantasy Scale, and (g) Hudson's Sexual Satisfaction Index (ISS).Results: Most of the post-test scores were better compared to the pre-test. On the MAAS scale, the score was higher in the post-test than in the pretest (Wilcoxon=−2668, P<.05) and, in the ISS, the score was also higher in the post-test than in the pre-test (Wilcoxon=−2.201, P<.05). However, in the Bodily Dissociation subscale, the score was lower (Wilcoxon=−2.670, P<.05). All effect sizes were moderate to high.Conclusions: The application of the MBSR protocol can increase the degree of sexual satisfaction, decrease body dissociation, promote mental health and self-compassion in people who treat vulnerable people, which may have an impact on a higher quality of approach to them. (AU)

Resilience against the pandemic: The impact of COVID-19 on migration and household welfare in Tajikistan.

The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have adverse effects on the economy through damage to migration and remittances. We use a unique monthly household panel dataset that covers the period both before and after the outbreak to examine the impacts of COVID-19 on a variety of household welfare outcomes in Tajikistan, where remittance inflows in recent years have exceeded a quarter of annual GDP. We provide several findings. First, after April 2020, the adverse effects of the pandemic on household welfare were significantly observed and were particularly pronounced in the second quarter of 2020. Second, in contrast to expectation, the pandemic had a sharp but only transitory effect on the stock of migrants working abroad in the spring. Some expected migrants were forced to remain in their home country during the border closures, while some incumbent migrants expecting to return were unable to do so and remained employed in their destination countries. Both departures and returns started to increase again from summer. Employment and remittances of the migrants quickly recovered to levels seen in previous years after a sharp decline in April and May. Third, regression analyses reveal that both migration and remittances have helped to mitigate the adverse economic outcomes at home during the "with-COVID-19" period, suggesting that they served as a form of insurance. Overall, the unfavorable effects of the COVID-19 pandemic were severe and temporary right after the outbreak, but households with migrants were more resilient against the pandemic.

Sustaining the integrity of the threatened self: A cluster-randomised trial among social assistance applicants in the Netherlands.

Stereotypes and stigma associated with living on welfare or a low income can be a psychological threat that hampers performance and undermines aspirations. Our paper explores the potential of a novel self-affirmation intervention to mitigate such adverse impacts. The intervention comprises a verbal self-affirmation exercise for applicants during their first meeting with a caseworker. We conduct a cluster-randomised trial among a sample of 174 applicants for social assistance benefits in a Social Services office in Maastricht, the Netherlands. We measure outcomes on feelings of self-worth, stress, societal belonging, job search behaviour self-efficacy and cognitive performance immediately after the meeting. In our full sample, the intervention has a negative impact on feelings of societal belonging, but no effect on other outcomes. Effects, however, vary by subgroups. Our treatment increases negative feelings of self-worth and negatively affects societal belonging, but also improves cognitive performance among the group that had paid work in the previous two years. By contrast, self-affirmation positively impacts job search behaviour self-efficacy and cognitive performance for individuals who face increased challenges to (re)integrate into the labour market, proxied by lower levels of education or social assistance receipt in the previous two years. Since our intervention gives rise to testing more than one null hypothesis, we control the false discovery rate using the Benjamini-Hochberg approach. Our findings are sobering. Effects only remain significant for negative feelings of self-worth and improved cognitive performance for one particular subgroup: individuals with paid work in the past two years. This suggests self-affirmation may have reminded them of the time they still had a job, hence creating a backlash effect on feelings of self-worth. At the same time, they may have felt a need to distinguish themselves from others on social assistance benefits resulting in better cognitive performance. These interpretations are consistent with theory and empirical evidence on social identity and self-categorisation. We discuss the implications of our results and outline avenues for future work.

Subjective Wellbeing in Gypsy Students

Gypsy often experience substandard social conditions, poorer health, and discrimination. However, little is known about Gypsies students’ subjective wellbeing. This study aimed to compare Gypsy (n= 42) and non-Gypsy (n= 76) young-students (mean age= 13 years) in terms of composite Subjective Wellbeing (combining indicators of satisfaction with life, positive and negative affect, satisfaction with social support, and quality of life). A series of t-tests indicated that Gypsy and non-Gypsy students did not differ significantly in Subjective Wellbeing. A novelty and strength of the study were that we complemented mean difference tests with procedures for describing group similarities. Understanding similarity is important because it can lead to more accurate and positive perceptions of outgroups, including Gypsies. Across multiple dimensions of Subjective Wellbeing, the similarity between Gypsy and non-Gypsy students was greater than 92%. Although students gypsies experience several cultural specificities, they seem to register levels of composite wellbeing similar to non-gypsy peers. These results are relevant for inclusion practices and policies, as they suggest that research in quality of life is an important means to promote inclusion and equity and to reduce prejudice against ethnic minoritie (AU)

Effects of a service-learning experience on health-related students' attitudes toward the homeless.

OBJECTIVES: A community engagement service-learning experience was planned to provide health services for the homeless during a local 1-day event. The objectives were to (a) determine the feasibility of a service-learning experience, and to (b) examine the effects on students' attitudes toward persons experiencing homelessness. METHODS: A quasi-experimental, institutional review board approved study, including health-related students enrolled in a local university or community college, was planned. The attitudes toward the homeless survey was administered before and after participation in the service-learning experience. Qualitative data were through student reflections of the experience. RESULTS: Participants (n = 106) completed a pre and post questionnaire and a self-reflection. A statistically significant t(26) = -2.2, p = .04 change in attitudes toward the homeless were found. Three themes were revealed from the reflections: inherent bias, individualized care, and the societal context of people experiencing homelessness. CONCLUSION: Both quantitative and qualitative findings may help students reflect on preconceived stereotypes; therefore, affecting their attitudes toward the homelessness.

Impact of Race/Ethnicity, Veteran Status, and Place of Birth on Attitudes Towards Welfare Recipients: An Experimental Approach.

The current study explored the differences in the public's attitudes and emotions towards welfare recipients based on their race/ethnicity, birthplace, and veteran status. Participants read a mock news story created for the current study about a woman labeled as a "welfare queen" who was receiving assistance, but persuaded the reader to be sympathetic to her case. The mock news story varied based on the race/ethnicity, veteran status, and birthplace of the welfare recipient. Participants assessed the welfare recipient on various evaluative measures. A 4 (race/ethnicity: White/Black/Hispanic/Asian) × 2 (veteran status: veteran/not veteran) × 2 (country of origin: born in the US/not born in the US) between-subjects ANOVA was performed on the attitude and personality evaluations of the welfare recipient. The general pattern of results showed that welfare recipients were evaluated more positively when they were veterans, born in the United States, or were White or Asian. Conversely, the public evaluated the welfare recipient more negatively or held more aversive emotions towards them when they were Hispanic, Black, not born in the United States, or not a veteran. This research adds to the psychological literature and nonprofit sector by testing the persistence of stereotypes on the perception of individual welfare recipients.

Transcending the individual: The promise and potential of collectivist approaches in occupational therapy.

BACKGROUND: In a globalised world, with injustices and inequities, occupational therapists have a moral and ethical obligation to use their knowledge and skills to work at a collective level with groups, communities, and populations rather than focus solely on individualistic approaches. OBJECTIVES: To review the literature exploring the question: What do occupational therapists do in their everyday practice that could be characterised as having a collectivist orientation? METHOD: A scoping review with searches on Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL databases with the keywords 'occupational therapy' AND collectiv*. RESULTS: 161 articles were found and after screening of abstracts and/or full text, 19 were included. Articles were published in English (13) and Portuguese (6), in 12 different journals and one book, from 1988 to 2018. They were categorised as focussing on: social welfare - collectivism (n = 2); collective occupations (n = 11); and collective oriented practices (n = 6). CONCLUSION: A clear definition of collectivist approaches in occupational therapy practice was not found. What was evident, however, was a focus on experiential accounts of working with groups of people and the methods and processes utilised. It is argued that occupational therapy needs to further develop knowledge and practices aimed at injustices grounded in a collectivist epistemology.

Community-Based Service Providers' Experiences With Activities for Persons With Dementia.

Persons with dementia (PWD) benefit from participating in meaningful activities. This study's objective was to learn the characteristics of successful meaningful activities from community-based service providers who work with PWD. Six group interviews were performed with 15 unique professionals from an adult day service or community-based coordinated care program. These were supplemented by 100 hr of researcher immersion through weekly volunteering. Data were analyzed by a team, using qualitative content analysis. Participants reported successful activity content incorporated personalization; continuity and incremental challenges; and social engagement. Successful delivery of activities required managing necessary resources; involving informal (family/friend) caregivers; having a backup plan; monitoring time of day and energy levels; facilitating a domino effect; and ensuring safety. Outcomes of successful activities were experiencing fulfillment and purpose; overcoming challenges; and unexpected triggers. Research and practice recommendations include testing innovative, dynamic, and technology-enabled approaches to providing such activities.

Proteção social e experiências terapêuticoocupacionais: a vida na pandemia de Covid-19 / Protección social y experiencias terapéutico-ocupacionales: la vida en la pandemia de Covid-19 / Social protection and therapeutic-occupational experiences: life during the Covid-19 pandemic

São tecidas neste texto algumas reflexões em torno das respostas que têm sido empreendidas pelos setores da saúde, previdência social e assistência social, que compõem a seguridade social no Brasil, tomando-se a sua centralidade, que deveria ser assumida para o enfrentamento da pandemia causada pelo SARS-Cov-2. Com essa leitura de contexto e com o pressuposto de uma ação profissional para a participação social com autonomia, partilham-se experiências de intervenção em Terapia Ocupacional Social com jovens que vivem em periferias urbanas e, certamente, pobres para o mercado/consumo, mas ricos de vida, na pandemia de Covid-19. O intuito foi produzir um cuidado que se coaduna com a proteção social e se direciona, na defesa do valor inegociável de cada vida e do seu pulsar, para a promoção de uma circulação emancipatória, questão agravada, mas anterior à pandemia e sempre presente entre esses jovens. (AU)

En este texto se tejen algunas reflexiones alrededor de las respuestas que han emprendido los sectores de la salud, previsión social y asistencia social que componen la seguridad social en Brasil, tomando su centralidad, que debería ser asumida para el enfrentamiento de la pandemia causada por el SARS-Cov-2. Con esa lectura de contexto y con el presupuesto de una acción profesional para la participación social con autonomía, se comparten las experiencias de intervención en Terapia Ocupacional Social con jóvenes que viven en periferias urbanas, ciertamente pobres para el mercado/consumo, pero ricos en vida, durante la pandemia de Covid-19. El objetivo fue producir un cuidado que se une con la protección social y se dirige, en la defensa del valor innegociable de cada vida y de su pulsación, hacia la promoción de una circulación emancipadora, cuestión agravada por la pandemia, pero anterior a ella, y siempre presente entre esos jóvenes. (AU)

This text elaborates some reflections regarding the responses that have been undertaken by the sectors: health, social security and social assistance, which make up social security in Brazil. It assumes its centrality, to face the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Considering this context and assuming a professional action for social participation with autonomy, we share experiences in Social Occupational Therapy with young people who live in urban peripheries, certainly poor for the market/consumption, but rich in life, in the Covid-19 pandemic. The aim was to produce care that is consistent with social protection and is directed, in defense of the non-negotiable value of each life and of its pulse, towards the promotion of an emancipatory circulation, an issue that existed prior to the pandemic, albeit now aggravated, and always present among this group of young people. (AU)

Uso problemático de internet e impacto negativo de WhatsApp en universitarios españoles: las emociones negativas como factor de riesgo / Problematic use of the internet and negative impact of WhatsApp on Spanish university students: negative emotions as a risk factor

El uso de Internet y mensajería instantánea como vía de escape ante el malestar puede convertir a los usuarios en vulnerables para el desarrollo de adicción de Internet y de WhatsApp. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la relación entre el bienestar psicológico y las emociones negativas con el uso problemático de Internet y el impacto negativo de WhatsApp. Participaron 630 universitarios (75,7% mujeres) de entre 18 y 62 años (M= 21,23), quienes contestaron a la “Escala de uso problemático y generalizado de Internet”, la “Escala de impacto negativo de WhatsApp”, las “Escalas PANAS de afecto positivo y negativo” y la “Escala de bienestar psicológico”. El bienestar psicológico y las emociones negativas correlacionaron y predijeron el uso problemático de Internet y el impacto negativo de WhatsApp. Emociones negativas fue el predictor de mayor peso para el uso problemático de Internet y el impacto negativo de WhatsApp. Las personas que presentan bajo bienestar psicológico y emociones negativas podrían tener una mayor predisposición a desarrollar un uso problemático de Internet y un mayor impacto negativo de WhatsApp (AU)

The use of the Internet and instant messaging as an escape from discomfort can make users vulnerable to the development of Internet and WhatsApp addictions. The aim of this research was to analyse the relationship between psychological well-being and negative emotions with problematic Internet use and negative impact of WhatsApp. A total of 630 university students (75.7% female) aged 18-62 years (M= 21.23) participated and answered the Problematic and Pervasive Internet Use Scale, the WhatsApp Negative Impact Scale, the PANAS Positive and Negative Affect Scales, and the Psychological Well-being Scale. Psychological well-being and negative emotions correlated significantly and predicted problematic Internet use and negative impact of WhatsApp. Displaying negative emotions was the strongest predictor for problematic Internet use and the negative impact of WhatsApp. People with low psychological well-being and negative emotions may have a greater predisposition to developing problematic Internet use and suffering a greater negative impact of WhatsApp (AU)

Condições de trabalho de psicólogas(os) resultantes do processo de terceirização na assistência social / Condiciones de trabajo de las psicólogas(os) resultantes del proceso de subcontratación en asistencia social / Working conditions of psychologists resulting from the process of outsourcing in social assistance

Resumo Este artigo buscou identificar as condições de trabalho de psicólogas(os) decorrentes da terceirização do trabalho na Política de Assistência Social. Participaram da pesquisa 12 profissionais que atuaram nos serviços socioassistenciais entre os anos de 2013 a 2017, em um município do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas e analisados a partir da Análise de Conteúdo. Entre os resultados identificou-se que a precarização do trabalho no Sistema Único da Assistência Social (SUAS) perpassa o processo de seleção, as formas diversas de contratos, seus decorrentes itens (carga horária, função, remuneração, Educação Permanente e encerramento) e o estabelecimento de relações baseadas no medo e intimidação. Tais informações refletem um processo de despotenciliazação das trabalhadoras, uma vez que elas são as principais ferramentas de trabalho desta política.

Resumen Este artículo buscó identificar las condiciones laborales de las psicólogas(os) derivadas de la subcontratación del trabajo en la Política de Asistencia Social. Doce profesionales que actuaron en servicios socio-asistenciales entre los años 2013 a 2017 participaron de la investigación, en una ciudad del interior de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas y se analizaron mediante análisis de contenido. Entre los resultados, se identificó que el trabajo precario en el Sistema Único de Asistencia Social (SUAS) pasa por el proceso de selección; las diferentes modalidades de contratación, sus elementos resultantes (carga horaria, función, remuneración, Educación Permanente y cierre); el establecimiento de relaciones basadas en el miedo y la intimidación. Dicha información refleja un proceso de despotencialización de los trabajadores, ya que son las principales herramientas de trabajo de esta política.

Abstract This article sought to identify the working conditions of psychologists resulting from the Outsourcing in the Social Assistance Policy. The research was carried out with 12 professionals who worked on social assistance services between the years of 2013 and 2017 in a municipality in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The data were obtained through interviews and analyzed from Content Analysis. Among the results we identified: that the precariousness of the work in the Brazilian Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS) goes through the selection process, the various forms of contracts, their resulting items (workload, function, remuneration, Permanent Education and closing), and through the establishment of relationships based on fear and intimidation. Such information reflects a process of deprivation of the workers, since they are the main working tools of this policy.

Voluntary adoption of social welfare-enhancing behavior: Mask-wearing in Spain during the COVID-19 outbreak.

With the spread of COVID-19, more countries now recommend their citizens to wear facemasks in public. The uptake of facemasks, however, remains far from universal in countries where this practice lacks cultural roots. In this paper, we aim to identify the barriers to mask-wearing in Spain, a country with no mask-wearing culture. We conduct one of the first nationally representative surveys (n = 4,000) about this unprecedented public health emergency and identify the profile of citizens who are more resistant to face-masking: young, educated, unconcerned with being infected, and with an introverted personality. Our results further indicate a positive correlation between a social norm of mask-wearing and mask uptake and demonstrate that uptake of facemasks is especially high among the elderly living in localities where mask-wearing behavior is popular. These results are robust when controlling for respondents' demographics, time spent at home, and occupation fixed effects. Our findings can be useful for policymakers to devise effective programs for improving public compliance.

Contributions of Service-Learning on PETE Students' Effective Personality: A Mixed Methods Research.

Service-learning (SL) is a pedagogical model focused on achieving curricular goals while providing a community service. Previous research suggests that SL might promote qualities such as self-esteem, motivation, problem-focused coping, decision-making, empathy, and communication, which are associated with a psychological construct known as students' Effective Personality (EP). These studies, however, did not specifically analyse the direct effects of SL on this construct. The aim of this study is to explicitly analyse the effect of SL on Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) students' EP using a mixed methods approach. The quantitative part of the approach followed a quasi-experimental design using the validated "Effective Personality Questionnaire for University Students", which includes four dimensions: "Academic self-efficacy", "Social self-realisation", "Self-esteem", and "Resolutive self-efficacy". A non-probabilistic sampling on a total of 181 PETE students was then carried out, with 98 participating in the experimental group (42 male, 56 female), and 83 in the control group (34 male, 49 female). The comparisons revealed significant improvements in the experimental group, especially in the social self-realisation and resolutive self-efficacy dimensions. These findings were complemented by a qualitative analysis of 12 students' semi-structured interviews. In conclusion, the study reported a positive influence of SL on the PETE students' EP, providing valuable design patterns for future SL implementations.